Music influence free essay sample

While many of the songs from wars in our past tended to lean in favor, Vietnam presents a startling shift in music. For the first time during a major conflict, the number of protest songs begins to outweigh the number of pro-war songs. 2 This can be attributed to a more unfiltered media presence able to spread more information to the public. The change in relationship between war and music and patriotism can be linked with the changing role of the media in the 1 9605. The emergence of television in particular provided more opportunities to question events as they streamed onto Americas living rooms. Social unrest in the sass, particularly related to Civil Rights efforts and demonstrations, were broadcast frequently. 3 In the past information spread through newspapers and radio reports, but Americans had never actually seen the images beyond photographs and newsreels at the movies. Seeing the images tends to force participants to draw their own conclusions, and Americans were questioning authority long before Vietnam became their concern. We will write a custom essay sample on Music influence or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Prior to that time many musicians were silent about the war.It was not until Americans themselves began to hang their opinion about their presence in Vietnam that many musicians in the record industry began to market protest. 4 As the music began to mirror American opinions more and more, the popularity of many of the anti-war songs soared. In fact, many of the tunes that are still remembered from this time were released after 1965. The protest songs begin to escalate with Tom Pistons Lyndon Johnson Told the Nation, released in 1965. In the song, Buxton exhibits great criticism of the presidents policy in the chorus: Have no fear of escalation.I am trying everyone to please. Though it isnt really war, were sending fifty thousand more, to help save Vietnam from Vietnamese. 5 The lyrics demonstrate the frustration felt by Americans, many of whom were unable to find a good reason to save Vietnam from their own people and were upset that so many lives were lost when war had not been formally declared. There were many other songs that did not necessarily protest, but clearly did relate and reflect what was going on in American History in the sass. Four young girls were killed in the 1963 Birmingham 16th Avenue Baptist Church bombing. Later on after that, John Chlorate wrote the song, Alabama in response to the tragedy. Again in 1963, Bob Dylan wrote the song, Talking John Birch Paranoid Blues. This song refers to the right wing group, the John Birch Society. Later in the decade, Retreat Franklin wrote the song, Respect, in 1967. Her song may have been taken as a political statement, but in her own mind her performance was a personal shot towards her husband at the time, for domestic respect. Her song and her vocals, gave the song power and meaning. In the 1 sass, young people dad popular music-above all rock n roll-the center of their cultural universe. 6 Music was one of the biggest way that youth expressed their rebellion throughout the sass. Rock n roll was a rebel compared to the previous pop music that came in the ass. This music fused together counterculture, search for equality, anti-war, and drugs. Rock n roll became 80% of all music sales throughout the sass. The Rolling Stones, Led Zeppelin, and the biggest of all The Beetles were very big names at this time. The Beetles became one of the biggest music groups and is still well known today. The Beetles were not just popular, but young people cherished them. They were confident, rebellious, adventurous, and they had perfect style. Not everyone enjoyed The Beetles, due to their popularity. John Lennox said that they were more popular than Jesus which upset many people. This however did not change the way the youth looked at them. The Beetles became the most popular music group in the US and had the youth rebelling like never before. Besides listening to rebellious music, youth films were also a way to express the feelings of rebellion. There were many different genres of music, ND styles, just as there were interests and like among the audience. Some people took their racial and gender preferences out on the music, and the performers. But some looked beyond that. Some looked more into the lyrics, and the tone of the songs. The songs helped betray a vast number of peoples emotions and feelings. People may have been unsure of how to think or react to what was happening in the 1 sass, but music helped distinct their feelings. Some songs even helped bring more awareness to what was really happening in America. Music in the 1 sass helped people relax, and enjoy themselves in he chaotic times, but it also helped some people protest against what was going on. Music Influence free essay sample Good music has direct access to the emotions. As such its a fantastic tool for tweaking our moods. Sartorially and Riskier (2007) investigated the ways people use music to control and improve their mood by interviewing eight adolescents from Finland. The participants may be a small, very specific group, but they actually present a really useful list: Entertainment At the most fundamental level music provides stimulation. It lifts the mood before going out, it passes the time while doing the washing p, it accompanies traveling, reading and surfing the web.Revival Music revivalists in the morning and calms in the evening. Dogtrots sensation Music can provide deep, thrilling emotional experiences, particularly while performing. Diversion Music distracts the mind from unpleasant thoughts which can easily fill the silence. Discharge Music matching deep moods can release emotions: purging and cleansing. Mental work Music encourages daydreaming, sliding into old memories, exploring the past. Solace Shared emotion, shared experience, a connection to someone cost. We will write a custom essay sample on Music Influence or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page SOURCE: ( http://atheistically. Hubcaps. Mom/hub/Music-and-the- Influence-on-Society) The Influence of Music Rock Videos Designing and music have always played an important role in learning and the communication of culture. Children learn from the role models what they see and hear. For the past 30 years, some childrens television has very effectively used the combination of words, music and fast-paced animation to achieve learning. 00 Most parents are concerned about what their young children see ND hear, but as children grow older, parents pay less attention to the music and videos that hold their childrens interest.Octet sharing of musical tastes between generations in a family can be a pleasurable experience. Music also is often a major part of a teenagers separate world. It is quite common for teenagers to get pleasure from keeping adults out and causing adults some distress. IDA concern to many interested in the development and growth of teenagers is a serious deterioration in the messages of some rock music, including best-selling albums promoted by major record companies.The following troublesome themes are prominent: 00 Advocating and clamoring abuse of drugs and alcohol. Pictures and explicit lyrics presenting suicide as an alternative or solution. Graphic violence. Depreciation with the occult; songs about Satanism and human sacrifice, and the apparent enactment of these rituals in concerts. L]Sex which focuses on controlling sadism, masochism, incest, devaluing women, and violence toward women.DIDParents can help their teenagers by paying attention to their teenagers purchasing, listening and viewing patterns, and by helping them identify music that may be destructive. Dumdum is not usually a danger for a teenager whose life is happy and healthy. But if a teenager is persistently preoccupied with music that has seriously destructive themes, and there are changes in behavior such as isolation, depression, alcohol or other drug abuse, a psychological evaluation should be considered. Music Influence free essay sample Lately, there has been a lot of commotion about the assumption that specific kinds of music are wrongly influencing the younger generation, mainly focusing on Hip Hop artists such as Lil Wayne, Jay-Z, and Eminem. Some people are even going so far as to blaming Hip Hop for the most horrific and violent events of our time. Researchers, parents and other adults of the generation before claim that this music has a negative effect on their children. I disagree with this accusation and in the remainder of this essay; I will argue my reasoning for thinking what I do. I strongly believe that your emotions and your mood influence your music choice at that given time. If I am happy, I will not be listening to a break up ballad with it’s sad and depressing lyrics. I will be listening to some Pop catchy tune with a quicker tempo. In opposition, if I am sad, I find myself listening to RB music, something with a dragging tempo. We will write a custom essay sample on Music Influence or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If Im Angry at my parents or feeling bewildered and confused, like nothing is working out the way I want it to and never will. That will be when you will hear me listening to heavier music with angry, detrimental lyrics, because in that moment I connect to the words and Im not alone. While listening to such music you feel empowered because someone has went through the same thing you have. Sadly, many parents dont even have a clue about what is occurring in their teenagers lives. They ask them about petty things such as how school went or what they were able to learn in class that day and they receive the same exact answer fine or ok. Suddenly, when a tragedy happens no one ever wants to feel responsible for anything of that sort. A teenage shoot out, why would any parent want to put the blame on them? Why not blame the media, an untouchable force, or God? For who can even decide if who and what the media really covers is legit? Experiencing violent thoughts is a reality for many teens and adults. People seem to think that Gangster rap music such as Meek Mills song Burn effect them negatively and as a result cause these thoughts. In my opinion, violent music will not cause such thoughts or ideas, but it may bring them out if they were already being contemplated. No one can blame a certain song for the reason behind why they broke the law or committed a murder. The lyrics may cause you to consider these actions but at the end of the day we as human beings are responsible for everything we do. The artists who make any â€Å"angry† songs are using the music as their own vessel of emotion. Artists are human as well and so they need their own outlet of anger or any other feeling just as we do. For instance, here are some lyrics from the song Kim by Eminem â€Å"Sit up front (We just cant leave Hailie alone, what if she wakes up). Well be right back, well I will, youll be in the trunk† This quote clearly displays Eminems hostility to his now current ex-wife Kim. Pertaining to the song, teenagers identify with the fact that Eminem was cheated on not the way he wants to put Kim in the trunk of his car. In a Stanford study it states, â€Å"by pointing to rap as the cause of violence, politicians attempt to erase from the consciousness of their constituents the history of oppression that has given birth to hip-hop culture† (Blanchard). The government may attempt to blame the worlds troubles on Hip Hop, but we all know what some of the real issues are. Either way, hip-hop does not negatively influence anyone, it is up to the listener to make the right decisions because you are your own keeper and you hold responsibility for your own actions.

Argumentative Essay Samples - How to Use Them in Your High School Education

Argumentative Essay Samples - How to Use Them in Your High School EducationArgumentative essay samples are the go-to option for high school students when they are applying to college or university. They provide an invaluable resource for students considering writing a college application. Writing a persuasive essay, especially in high school, is a skill that is likely to help them get into college and also make them successful in life.The first place to look for argumentative essay samples in the high school curriculum is at the beginning of the 12th grade. This is the high school grade equivalent to freshman year in college. In high school, it is essential to develop a persuasive, if not impressive, argument to support your essay. However, that is easier said than done when you are filling out essays at the high school level.Many times, a student may have an idea for an essay topic but does not know how to approach it. One of the worst things a high school teacher can do is leave a student hanging on a given topic. Argumentative essay samples in the high school curriculum have ways to help a student avoid such pitfalls. You will be surprised at how a more experienced student can convince an adult how to do the entire process of drafting an essay topic.Most of the arguments in the argumentative essay samples in the high school curriculum were included in high school journalism programs. These writing programs include lots of examples of what students can do with arguments in their essays. High school students can see examples of what other students have written to address the issue at hand.The next place to look for argumentative essay samples in the high school curriculum is the end of the 12th grade. This is the high school grade equivalent to sophomore year in college. College entrance examinations in the United States are very different from the ones used in high school. You can write persuasive essays in college and create arguments that will have to be ev aluated by admissions committees.By this time, the argumentative essay samples in the high school curriculum have started to age. The experiences in high school with the persuasive essays will play a huge role in your college admission. Colleges and universities are going to be much more skeptical about essays that are not new to them.So if you want to increase your odds of getting into college and making it into a prestigious institution, you need to start thinking about argumentative essay samples in the high school curriculum as early as possible. Your ability to convince admissions committees that you are truly able to contribute to your writing is going to be the best thing you can do for yourself.

General Rules for Having a Pet in College

General Rules for Having a Pet in College For some students, daily life involves being around a pet or pets. At college, however, animals usually arent allowed. So is it possible to have a pet in college? You Have a Few Options Those college students interested in having a pet in college have a few options. Mostly, however, pets are not allowed in places like residence halls - or even on campus - for a variety of reasons. Your campus is likely not trying to be cruel; they simply have to worry about issues of safety and regulations about hygiene that they are required to comply with. First and foremost, there are in fact some schools that allow pets on campus. These are the exceptions to the rule, however, and picking a school based on their pet policy may not be the  best choice. Additionally, even if your school of choice doesnt allow pets on campus, you can always rent a house with some friends or find an off-campus apartment that permits pets. Service Animals If youre a student who needs an animal with you for medical reasons (such as a service dog, for example), however, you should contact your school right away. Letting your college know that you need assistance - both from them and your service animal - as soon as possible is definitely of high importance. They should work with you to figure out a way to support you and your service animal during your time in school. Incorporating Animals Into Your College Life If, however, you would strongly just prefer to have a pet as part of your experience, there are some ways you can incorporate animals into your new college life: See whats allowed in your living space. Alright, so you cant bring along a dog or cat. But can you bring a fish or other small animal? Are there certain animals that are allowed, and if so, what are the regulations? Are there certain theme houses that allow their residents to bring pets with them?Can your family bring up your family pet for a visit? Lets say your family comes up the first Sunday of the month to take you out to brunch. Can they bring your family dog in the car for a quick visit? Are dogs allowed to walk on campus if theyre leashed? Will a monthly or occasional visit from your pet suffice?Consider volunteering at a shelter. If you just love - and even need - to be around animals but cant have one with you on campus, consider volunteering at a local animal shelter. You have a lot of love and patience to give and there are always animals in need. Check with your campus volunteer center, do some quick searching online, or even start your own campus group to help make re gular volunteer sessions at a shelter a reality. Keep in mind, too, that when you go to college, it will be nearly impossible to recreate the life you had back at home. And thats part of the fun, right? If, deep down, you wanted things to be the same, you wouldnt have decided to go off to college in the first place. Be flexible in understanding that there sometimes is only so much your school can do. They might very well be limited about having pets in the residence halls, for example, because of city and county health regulations. Check in with your pet(s) during a Skype session with your parents and know that your pet(s) will be just as excited to see you as you will be to see them when you next return home.

Polyamory

Polyamory Polyamory Polyamory By Maeve Maddox I learn a great many new words as I cruise the Web collecting examples of usage for my posts. This week I learned polyamory: polyamory: the fact of having simultaneous close emotional relationships with two or more other individuals, viewed as an alternative to monogamy, especially in regard to matters of sexual fidelity; the custom or practice of engaging in multiple sexual relationships with the knowledge and consent of all partners concerned. The adjective is polyamorous. An article in The Atlantic describes the living conditions of three people who practice polyamory: All three live there together, but they aren’t roommates- they’re lovers. Or rather, Jonica and Michael are. And Sarah and Michael are. And so are Sarah and whomever she happens to bring home some weekends. And Michael and whomever he might be courting. They’re polyamorous. According to the Atlantic article, Polyamorous people still face plenty of stigmas, but some studies suggest they handle certain relationship challenges better than monogamous people do. This new demographic has already acquired a shortened form in headlines: Poly demographic survey in the  UK What Do Polys Want?: An Overview of the 2012 Loving More Survey Academic papers are being written on the polyamorous life style: Not Monogamous? Not a Problem: A Quantitative Analysis of the Prevalence of Polyamory    The words polyamory and polyamorous show up on the Ngram Viewer in the 1980s, rising precipitately in the 1990s. Here are some more familiar terms used to describe various types of sexual relationship that differ from monogamy: polyandry polygamy bigamy extramarital sex adultery infidelity cuckoldry fornication Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Words with More Than One SpellingPeople versus PersonsCharles's Pen and Jesus' Name

Benjamin franklin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Benjamin franklin - Essay Example The website ushistory.org is published by the Independence Hall Association (IHA) which is a non-profit organization in Philadelphia. All their sites are copyrighted and they give historical details of famous people and facts of history. Through this website they have projected Franklin’s struggles in early life and how he managed to get into the printing business. His endeavor and experiments as a scientist have also been portrayed apart from his interest in politics. He not only served the United States while living there but even for 18 years he lived in England as a colonial representative. This demonstrates his loyalty to his nation. The websites concentrates on the international fame that electricity and lightning brought to Franklin. This is basically a quick biography and the intended audience is high school students or first timers who are not much aware about Franklin. The website gives information that England was far ahead of America during that period although cor ruption in politics and royal circles in England did disturb him. America had strained relations even with France and Franklin was responsible for the Treaty of Paris. The second website has collected details from the Encyclopedia Britannica. This website highlights Franklin as a person, an individual, as a child, his youth, his successes and achievements and his dedication to public service. This site also highlights critics of Franklin, his contemporaries who thought he was a fraud. His early life has been mentioned but no details of his struggles as in the previous website have been given. This website also highlights him as a philanthropist who founded academies and societies for the benefit of the society. He had an early start in politics and this website gives more details of his political involvement in England. The intended audience would be the casual readers or high school children to familiarize themselves with the life and times of Franklin. The purpose of this

Criminology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Criminology - Essay Example Considering non-human victims of harm in criminology involves victims as animals and victims of environmental crime. The international centre for criminal law reform and criminal justice policy supports considerations given to non-human victims of crimes. Criminal law protects vulnerable victims, the ostensible purpose of the law. Animals, however, do not enjoy the protection fully in the current set up of the law. A significant number of legal systems offer protection to people and their assets. Few laws are there that protect the rights of animals. Animals independently deserve a set of animal rights, different from their generalization as properties. This implies that animals have no set position in the legal system that addresses their grievances and afflictions. In several cases that involve animal rights, the case set involves the human guardians of the animals, who speak for animals. Currently, there exists no full protection of animals in the criminal law. To achieve full pro tection of animals’ rights in the legal system, their representation should change from their status as property. Instead, they should have full representation in the legal system and clear mechanisms set to address the grievances of animals. They should speak for themselves and their recognition as sentient. The members are to pay full regard to animal welfare. Criminology should show concern to harm to animals. There should be mechanisms to address green criminology. This involves crimes against the environment. Animals’ rights to sustainable utilization are fundamental. In doing this, such criminology attempts to confront harm against animals and crimes against the environment. Cases of mistreatment of animals and violation of their rights that brings harm to the animals should receive appropriate treatment. Green criminology is a topic that continues to draw attention to many organizations that lobby for animals’ rights. The UK was notably the first country to implement the law on animal rights. The Act abolishing improper treatment of cattle, with cruelty, came to law in 1822. The UK government recognizes animals as sentient beings. Its devotion aims to the protection of animals welfare is high. In1911, a law passed in the UK channeled for the protection of animals. International laws recognize animal rights. In 1997, there was a law by the European Union that officially acknowledged animals as sentiment beings. The EU requires its member countries to conform to the law set and recognize animals as sentiment beings. There are in existence, multilateral environmental agreements that recognize the need to protect biodiversity including animals. The United Nations crime commissions and congresses acknowledge environmental crimes and crimes to animals. International laws, therefore, are sufficiently concerned with animal rights. Environmental victimization is the state where the environment gets subjected to unhealthy practices, which lea d to its pollution, and leaves it in worse states that it should be. Environmental victimization takes several means, whereby, the environment is misused and wasted with its resources being depleted, while some become dormant. According to Beck et a l., 1994 environmental problems arise from social factors like reflexive modernization, globalization, as well as individualism. Becks position about mass media is incredibly transparent; however,

Complication In Grand Multi Parity

Complication In Grand Multi Parity Grand multi parity is the condition of giving birth after the 28th weeks of gestation, following 5 or more previous viable babies. Grand multiparae is relation to obstetric performance is labeled high risk. High risk pregnancy is define as one in which the mother, fetus or newborn will be at increased risk of morbidity or mortality at or after birth. The risk to the mother and child is relatively high in first pregnancy and then this risk decline during second, third and then slowly rises with increasing parity by the sixth pregnancy risks exceeds these of 1st and after that rises steeply with each pregnancy1. Grand multiparous have been considered to be at higher risk of developing antenatal complications. These complications include gestational diabetes, hypertension, anemia, placental abruption, placenta previa, preterm labour, mal-presentation, mal-position, fetopelvic disproportion and intra-partum complication, uterine intertia, dysfunctional labour, uterine rupture, intrauterine death, marosomia and subsequent operative delivery with its consequent risk of maternal mortality and morbidity2,3. Postpartum haemorrhage also more common in grand multipara. Munim noted in her study PPH was three times more common in grand multipara4. Grand multiparity reported to increased both maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality5,6. It is generally accepted that GMP is risk factor of obstetric complication but recently a few reports have appeared in the literature showing that this might be fiction rather than fact. Toohey et al, Fayed et al, and Kaplan et al, addressed the obstetric performance of great grand multipara but they concoluded that such women were not a high risk group7,8,9. Brunner et al, in 1992 concluded that grand multi parity should be regarded as an obstetric risk factor, mainly because of the higher frequency of placental complication and with good obstetric care there should be no advice affects to the mother or newborn10. The incidence of grand multipara has decreased in most western countries in recent years due to better socioeconomic status and high use of contraception11,12,13. In third world countries like Pakistan the large families are still common. Grand multi parity is a common problem in this part of world and when added to low socioeconomic status, it significantly increases the risk to mother and fetus8,14,15. OBJECTIVES The objective of our study were To compare obstetrical complications between grand multiparae and low parity women. To study the frequency of maternal and perinatal mortality associated with complications of grand multi parity. OPERATIONAL DEFINITION GRAND MULTIPARAE: Grand multiparae is woman who has delivered five or more babies after 28 weeks, weighing more than 500 grams. LOW MULTIPARAE: Low multiparae is woman who has delivered less than five (para 1-4). HYPOTHESIS: Obstetrical complication are more in grand multiparae than the low parity women. MATERIAL AND METHODS SETTINGS: This study was conducted in Obstetric / Gynaecology Unit-I, Civil Hospital, Karachi and Sheikh Zaid Women Hospital Larkana. DURATION OF STUDY: One year from 1st July 2008 to 31st March 2009 at Civil Hospital Karachi and 1st April 2009 to 30th June 2009 at Sheikh Zaid Women Hospital Larkana. SAMPLE SIZE: A total of 200 pregnant women were selected randomly, were divided into two groups with 100 women in each group. Group I consistent of women with parity five or more, and group II consisting of women with parity one to four. SAMPLING TECHNIQUE: Probability. SAMPLE SELECTION: Sample selection was done according to the following inclusion and exclusion. INCLUSION CRITERIA: All pregnant multiparous women. EXCLUSION CRITERIA: Primigravida. STUDY DESIGN: Comparative, cross sectional DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE: A 200 women were admitted in our ward through out patient department or emergency, or referred by private clinics or traditional birth attendants were selected. These cases were divided into two groups. Group I consistent of 100 women of parity five or more and group II consistent of 100 women were admitted during the same period with parity one to four. On admission patients history was taken in detail. Age, parity, socioeconomic status, detailed obstetrical history, past history were recorded and previous record was received to detect antenatal complication including anaemia, PIH, APH, and malpresentation , pre-term labour. Anemia was taken as haemoglobin of 11 g/dl, PIH was defined as blood pressure of > 140/90 millimeter mercury after 20 weeks of gestation with or without protenuria on two or more occasion 6 hours apart. Bleeding from genital tract after 24 weeks gestation was taken as APH. Ultrasonography was done in non-booked cases when there was suspicious of malpresentation which was defined as presenting part of fetus in other than cephalic in relation to maternal pelvis. Preterm labour was defined as labour before 37 complete weeks gestation. During labour patients were managed according to units protocol and partogram recording was used to evaluate the progress of labour. The intrapartum complications included prolonged labour and ruptured uterus. Mode of delivery was also recorded. After delivery, the patients were monitor for 24 hours for primary PPH which was taken as blood loss estimated to be more than 500ml after normal vaginal delivery and 1000ml after caesarean section. The maternal death if any was recorded with its cause in detail. Neonates were followed for neonatal complication which included, LBW, macrosomia, perinatal death. Birth weight of < 2.5 kg was taken as LBW and > 4.2 was taken as macrosomic babies. Admission to NICU. Perinatal deaths (PND) included all intrauterine death (IUD) and early neonatal deaths (ENNDs). Data was collected through special proforma, neonatal follow up recorded was also entered in the same proforma. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Data analysis was performed through SPSS version-10.0. Frequencies and percentages were computed for presentation of all categorical variables of the study including age, booking status, mode of delivery, pregnancy related complications, intrapartum and postpartum complications, maternal and fetal mortality, and birth weight. Chi-square test was applied to compare age, booking status, mode of delivery, pregnancy related complications, intrapartum and postpartum complications and birth weight between low parity and high parity groups. Fishers exact test was applied to compare maternal and fetal mortality and nursery care admissions between low parity and high parity groups due to typically low expected count (< 5). Statistical significance was taken at p < 0.05. RESULTS Commonest age group in both study groups was 20 25 years in which total 76 patients were observed, however this age group was significantly higher (46% vs. 30%, p=0.001) in low parity group that high parity group while older age group of the study 36 40 years was higher in high parity group than low parity group (4% vs. 15%). So the age distribution was significantly different in two groups (Table-1). Most of the patients in my study were unbooked, i.e. 131 % (Table-2). Booking status between two groups was statistically insignificant (p=0.344). Anemia was significantly higher in high parity group than low parity group (89% vs. 62%, P = 0.001); while abruptio placentae, PIH and malpresentations were significantly higher in high parity group than low parity group (p < 0.01). Placentae previa, preterm labour and twin pregnancy were insignificant between two groups (Table-3). Out of 200 women in this study, 21 (10.5%) underwent caesarean section and 179 (89.5%) normal vaginally delivered (Figure-1). In high parity group, proportion of women who underwent caesarean section was significantly higher in high parity group than low parity group (16% vs. 5%, p=0.011). Intrapartum and postpartum complications found insignificant between two groups at p < 0.05 (Table-4). No maternal death was observed in low parity group but one (1%) maternal mortality was observed in high parity group, however difference of maternal mortality rate was insignificant (p = 0.999) between two groups (Figure-2). Significantly high number of fetal mortalities was observed in high parity group than low parity group (16% vs. 4%, P = 0.999) (Figure-3). We observed 8% NICU admissions in high parity group that was not statistically significant (p 0.213) as compared with 3% NICU admissions in low parity group (Figure-4). Table 1: AGE DISTRIBUTION (n = 200) Age (years) Group Total Low parity (n = 100) High parity (n = 100) 20 25 46* 30 76 26 30 40 29 64 31 35 10 26 36 36 40 4 15* 19 * Shows significant difference (X2 = 18.6, d.f = 3, p = 0.001) Low parity: Parity 2-4, High parity: Parity > 4 Table 2: COMPARISON OF BOOKING STATUS (n = 100) Booking Group Total Low parity (n = 100) High parity (n = 100) Booked 32 23 55 Unbooked 62 69 131 Referred 6 8 14 * Significant difference (X2 = 2.13, d.f = 2, p = 0.344) Key: Booked = 3 or more antenatal visits. Unbooked = < 3 or no antenatal visits. Table 3: COMPARISON OF PREGNANCY RELATED COMPLICATIONS BETWEEN TWO GROUPS (n = 100) Complications Group p-value Low parity (n = 100) High parity (n = 100) Anemia 62 89 0.001 Placentae Previa 5 7 0.55 Abruptio placentae 2 11* 0.018 Preterm labour 5 6 0.760 Pregnancy induced hypertension 4 14* 0.024 Malpresentation 2 15* 0.001 Twin pregnancy 2 4 0.68 * Shows statistically significant difference at p < 0.05. Figure-1: COMPARISON OF MODE OF DELIVERY BETWEEN TWO GROUPS * Significant difference (X2 = 6.44, d.f = 1, p = 0.011) Table 4: COMPARISON OF INTRAPARTUM AND POSTPARTUM COMPLICATIONS BETWEEN TWO GROUPS Complications Group p-value Low parity (n = 100) High parity (n = 100) Obstructed labour 3 4 0.70 Ruptured uterus 1 1 Retained placentae 0 2 0.50 Postpartum hemorrhage 2 4 0.68 * Shows statistically significant difference at p < 0.05 Low parity: Parity 2-4 High party: Parity > 4 Figure-2: COMPARISON OF MATERNAL OUTCOME BETWEEN TWO GROUPS * Significant difference (p = 0.999) Figure-3: COMPARISON OF FETAL OUTCOME BETWEEN TWO GROUPS * Significant difference (Fishers exact test, p = 0.005) Figure-4: COMPARISON OF NURSERY ADMISSION BETWEEN TWO GROUPS (n1 = n2 = 100) * Significant difference (Fishers exact test, p = 0.213). Low parity: Parity 2-4 High parity: Parity > 4 NICU = Neonatal intensive care unit DISCUSSION This comparative, cohort study was conducted in largest hospital of Karachi to find out whether grand multi parity is risk factor for obstetrical complication when compare to low parity. Despite of availability of modern obstetric facilities, women in our society not intend to get book for antenatal care because they are too busy at their home and lack of awareness about health care, We found in our study that most of the patients in both groups coming in Civil Hospital, Karachi were non-booked and referred from different areas with complications. Unbooked 13% and 14% referred from different areas. In our study the grand multipara were older then low parity women. Increased age of GMP women put them additional risk for complication. As our study was not age matched study. So, the age matched study should be done for the proper risk assessment. This study shows that antenatal complication such as anemia was more common in grand multiparae. A Salick, et all also found same result in th eir studies 16. Anemia is more common in grand multipare because of poor nutrition, repeated pregnancies, low socioeconomic status. Pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH) was more common in our study, these women were relatively older than low parity and my study was not age matched study. Munim S, et al., found in her study statistically significance difference in the induced of the PIH that was 15.4% in grand multipare compared to the 9.3% in low parity women 4. Although the patients in here study were booked patients, she reported that higher prevalence of these complications may be explained on the increased age of these women. In spite of increased incidence of PIH the superimposed pre-eclampsia and eclampsia was no more common in my study.4. Regarding the antepartum haemorrhage, abruptio placentae is more common in GMP. Although number of placenta previa was increased in grand multi parity than low parity but not statistically significant. Heija AA, also found in his study that abruptio placentae is more common in grand multipareae. He state that the high parity is significant etiological determinant of placental abruption 2. The malpresentation was more common in grand multipare especially breech was more common than the low parity. Malpresentation in grand multipara is common because increasing laxity of anterior abdominal wall musculature, failing to act as a brace to encourages and maintain a longitudinal lie, encourages malpresentation 17. Preterm labour was same in both groups. Aziz FA, studied the grand multipare Sudanese women and found the incidence of pre-term labour was increased in these women 18. The intra partum complication like obstructed labour result was same in both groups in both cases patients was referred and reason was abnormal fetal position. we found 1 case of Ruptured uterus in each group, both these are patient were referred from private hospital, both were older age, both were mismanaged with syntocynon but low parity woman was survive and grand multiparous woman was die. Our study showed no statistical difference in postpartum haemorrhage between both groups. Page L in her series of study has reported that same result. She found no direct association between grand multiparae and PPH.63 Some other studies have shown that increased risk of PPH is associated with increased age not with increasing parity. Munim et al, noted in her study PPH was three times more common in grand multiparae 4. Our study showed caesarean section is significantly increased in grand multipare than the low parity, this because of malpresentation and obstructed labour, antepartum haemorrhage. One maternal death found in my study this unfortunate woman belong to low socioeconomic class, had obstructed labor due to macrosomic baby and mismanaged with syntocinon referred in state of shock despite of emergency laparotomy, blood transfusion, and resuscitation she could not survive because she was already anemic had bleed a lot and die due to cardiac failure. As regard the neonatal outcome parity is considered as important factor in determining the birth weight of baby. Many investigators have reported association of LBW with grand multiparae. But in my study low birth weight was common in low parity as compare to grand multiparae. There was no significant increased incidence macrosomic babies in grand multiparae, compare with international literature. In our study perinatal mortality was significantly increased in grand multi parity it mainly because of abruptio placenta, PIH, obstructed labour and preterm birth. CONCLUSION It is concluded from my study that antenatal complications like pregnancy induced hypertension, abruptio placenta, anaemia, malpresentation, Caesarean deliveries and perinatal mortality were more common in grand multiparae then the low parity group and multi parity is still a major obstetric hazards in our set up with higher incidence of complications.